Scepticism in Europe’s heart

Guardian, Tuesday April 20, 2004

The Czechs see EU membership as their birthright, but are cautious about exactly, what to expect form it, writes Ian Traynor

In Prague, a city that prides itself on being the heart of Europe, the citizens – like the Czechs generally – view membership of the EU as their birthright.

So when 10 million Czechs join the union on May 1, there will be quiet satisfaction in the city, which lies to the west of Vienna, that they have arrived where they belong almost 15 years after the velvet revolution.

Despite the scenes of euphoria that accompanied the drama in Prague at the end of 1989, the Czechs are an intensely sceptical bunch – and their attitudes to the EU will strengthen the forces of Euro-scepticism within the union.

„Those of us with experience of Soviet rule are suspicious of distant bureaucracies,“ says Alexandr Vondra, the former deputy foreign minister.

In their president, Vaclav Klaus, the Czechs have a national leader who is the most vocal critic of the EU in all the 10 incoming states. His rightwing opposition party, the ODS, could find itself back in power next year, meaning that relations between Prague and Brussels may become bumpy.

As with many of the new EU member countries, the Czechs currently have an extremely weak government, which is vulnerable to opposition attacks on its European policies.

Poland is in a government crisis. Lithuania has just fired its president. The governments of Latvia and Hungary are also weak. And the Czech centre-left coalition, led by Prime Minister Vladimir Spidla, is just shy of a parliamentary majority.

Mr Spidla, a Social Democrat, may head a coalition, but his junior partners, the Christian Democrats, appear to be manoeuvring to join Mr Klaus’s ODS next year.

Mr Klaus rarely misses an opportunity to have a go at Brussels, even indirectly recommending a ‚no‘ vote in the Czech referendum on EU membership last June. Pragmatic and cautious, the Czech people ignored the advice, but they share many of his reservations.

„Everybody supports the idea [of EU membership],“ says Petr Gandalovic, the mayor of the northern town of Usti nad Labem, near the east German border.

„But when it comes to the practical consequences of membership, there are lots of questions and criticism. People are rather sceptical about what to expect from the EU and they feel a little bit cheated.“

That is a sentiment felt broadly across central Europe, largely because of the mean-spirited approach to enlargement that has been evident from western Europe.

The former Dutch prime minister, Wim Kok, recently said that he regretted EU enlargement and feared it would not work. The French establishment has long been lukewarm about opening the EU to the east.

While the Austrians are among the biggest winners from the opening up of central Europe in terms of trade, markets, investment, and economic growth over the past 10 years, they are also among the most opposed to opening their own country to their eastern neighbours.

An opinion poll in Austria last week showed that the Czechs, Poles, and Hungarians were considerably more positive about EU enlargement than were the Austrians or Germans.

The Czechs, like the other newcomers, are acutely sensitive to such hostility, and resent the expectation that they are supposed to show gratitude for obtaining what they feel is their entitlement.

They are also deeply wary of German intentions. The relationship with Germany is the key one in Czech history, and relations are currently tense because of the rightwing German campaign to get Prague to rescind 1945 decrees that legitimised the expulsion of more than two million ethnic Germans from the Czech lands at the end of the second world war.

The German right, led by Bavaria’s governing Christian Social Union, was at the forefront of the campaign, threatening a boycott of the Czech negotiations with Brussels unless Prague gave in. It did not. In Austria, Jörg Haider, the far-right leader, conducted a similar anti-Czech campaign.

In what, to the Czechs, was an unforgiveable act, the CSU caucus in the European parliament in Strasbourg even voted against Czech membership of the EU last year.

The Czechs feel bullied. But they are less than intimidated, and the experience will colour their conduct within the EU, determining alliances and positions in EU policy-making.

There seems little doubt that, ultimately, the shift from 15 to 25 members will produce a seismic change in the way in which EU policymaking works.

„A Europe of 25 will be much different from the Charlemagne Europe that the Germans and the French dream about,“ says Mr Vondra. „That’s over. The Czechs won’t accept that. Nor will the Poles, nor the Baltic states. We will always look to other places for allies for balance, to Washington.“

Mr Gandalovic agrees that it will be extremely difficult to run a Europe of 25 members, and so he expects the Franco-German-led hard core of integrationists to try to push ahead with a two-tier Europe.

„They will have a tendency to find what is in their interests and come to negotiations with a pre-agreed position. That will produce resistance, and a balance may emerge.“

While Poland has led the opposition to a new EU constitution, the Czechs and some of the other newcomers have been happy to let the Poles take the lead.

„We’re not happy with the constitution, with the rules being changed right at the moment when we are joining,“ Mr Gandalovic adds. „We feel we’ve been double-crossed, and we expect more in the future.“

It is not an optimistic note, but a widespread sentiment that the east Europeans are being admitted on sufferance, and grudgingly.